There are a surprisingly large number of ways one can be dishonest. To classify any of the following forms of dishonesty (listed below), one should 1st acknowledge how many are involved in the deception. Each form of dishonesty can actually be considered two (either Individual or Collusion forms), by considering this fact.
Number Involved
a) Individual (an individual who deceives; any form of dishonesty performed by an individual)
b) Collusion (grouping in order to deceive; any form of dishonesty performed by a group)
After reading the following list, you can now have specific terms describing the dishonesty you see (as well as your own dishonesty) -- or reference back to figure it out.
1) Fabrication (outright lie; usually believable enough to go unquestioned; didn’t happen)
a) Falsification (deliberate unauthorized misrepresentation of info . Ex: reporting false data, research, reports, or citations)
2) Tailoring (exaggeration of parts; emphasizing aspects to distract from others – happened, but they’re making it sound like something else)
3) Doctoring (half or semi-truths – some of it happened)
a) Addition (sandwiching or weaving fabrications between truths) [see Fabrication]
b) Omission (omitting parts of truth) [see Withholding]
4) Tacit (understood usually without open expression; allowing others to believe falsely; going along with incorrect statements or assumptions others posit)
a) Active (agree with incorrect assumptions - suggest what they say is true - cashier asks if change is correct, but gave an extra $10, you say yes)
b) Passive (allow others to believe incorrect assumptions; never correct them - get an extra $10 as change at a store, just take it and leave)
5) Ambiguity (statements that can be taken multiple ways; speaking vaguely) [see Omission]
6) Withholding (neglecting to reveal relevant information others wouldn't likely think without help)
Words Relative to Action
7) Feigned Ignorance (playing dumb; neglecting knowledge one has – don’t know what you’re talking about)
8) Hypocrisy (living contrary to advice one gives; not taking one’s own advice – you should quit smoking, I wish I would; philosophy living in bad faith)
9) Plagiarism (claiming originality/ ownership of another’s work or idea; known yet un-sourced assertions – I think [other’s thought])
How One Achieves
10) Cheating (deceiving those to whom one is accountable to seem more efficient or proficient – wrote test answers on my hand)
a) Multiple Submissions (submitting work formerly used as if it were new & original work)
11) Bribery (to give or receive bribes, unfairly advantaging outcomes – the A+ on that test cost $100)
12) Contractual (breaking contracts or agreements, written, spoken, or understood – keeping or destroying library books)
13) Facilitation (turning a blind eye; allowing or aiding another's dishonesty; especially without their knowledge - letting others cheat off a test or copy homework; could be considered Passive Collusion)
Actions
14) Action (inconsistency between action and intentions; doing something in order to seem a certain way or promote an idea; transcending words by lying via action; kissing someone, making them think you like them, when you don't)
15) Impostor (looking a certain way to make others believe you are something you're not - dressing like an officer to scare a friend; going to a wedding in a suit for the food; etc.)
Project Sources:
BOOKS
The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone---Especially Ourselves by Dan Ariely 2012
The Post-Truth Era: Dishonesty and Deception in Contemporary Life (Google eBook) by Ralph Keyes 2004
Encyclopedia of Deception by Timothy R. Levine 2014
WEBSITES
“Academic Integrity: Types of Dishonesty” by Perdue University [link]
“Types of Academic Dishonesty” by DePauw University [link]
“Honesty/Truthfulness; Sincerity” by Roy Posner & MSS [link]
“Honesty: 4 Levels at which to be Honest” by Gwen Channer 2010 [link]
“Stage of Honesty” by Evan O’Ryan 2014 [link]
REFERENCES
“Dictionary.com” [link]
DEAD LINKS:
Websites used in this project that are no longer up or running
“Two Kinds of Honesty” by Jo Parfitt [link]
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